Acaricidal activity of ethanolic extracts of Stryphnodendron adstringens and Lafoensia pacari and oil resins from Copaifera sp. and Pterodon emarginatus against Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis / Atividade acaricida dos extratos etanólicos de Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart. e Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil., bem como das óleo-resinas de Copaifera sp. e Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837 contra Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis

In vitro bioassay using Sarcoptes scabiei as a test microorganism is a viable method of study for diverse drugs with acaricidal properties. A great amount of assays proves the diverse and efficient biological activity of extracts and compounds from Brazilian savanna plants. This study had as main object, test and compare the acaricidal activity of four Brazilian Cerrado bioproducts: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., Copaifera sp., Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil. and Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837. To perform this test S. scabiei mites were collected from crusts removed on ears of highly infected sows. The mites were selected and separated in Petri dishes with three different concentrations (25, 50 and 75%) of each bioproduct, to evaluate their potential acaricidal activity. The mortality of the mites was counted in each Petri dish every hour, during five hours. The statistical analyses demonstrated differences between the bioproducts tested. The oleoresin of Copaifera sp. and P. emarginatus presented the best results with 100% of mites mortality after treatment. The ethanolic extracts of S. adstringens and L. pacari demonstrated lower acaricidal activity when compared to the oleoresins, with little or no difference among the control groups tested. This bioassay demonstrated to be efficient, reliable, low cost and easy accomplishment. Oil resins from Copaifera sp. and P. emarginatus have in vitro acaricidal activity against adult females of S. scabiei var. suis.(AU)

O uso de Sarcoptes scabiei como microrganismo teste para bioensaio in vitro é um método de estudo viável para diversas drogas acaricidas. Muitos ensaios comprovam a diversidade e eficiência de atividade biocida de extratos e componentes presentes em plantas do cerrado brasileiro. Este trabalho objetivou testar e comparar a atividade acaricida de quatro bioprodutos do cerrado brasileiro: Stryphnodendron adstringens Mart., Lafoensia pacari A. St Hil., Copaifera sp. e Pterodon emarginatus Vogel, 1837. Para este estudo, ácaros S. scabiei foram colhidos em crostas removidas de orelhas de fêmeas suínas altamente infestadas. Os ácaros foram selecionados, separados e colocados em placas de Petri com três diferentes concentrações (25, 50 e 75%) de bioprodutos, para avaliar o potencial de atividade acaricida de cada um. Foi realizada a contagem da mortalidade dos ácaros em cada placa de Petri a cada hora, durante cinco horas. As análises estatísticas demonstraram diferenças entre os bioprodutos testados. As óleo-resinas de Copaifera sp. e P. emarginatus apresentaram os melhores resultados, com 100% de mortalidade dos ácaros após tratamento. Os extratos etanólicos de S. adstringens Mart. e L. pacari demonstraram menor atividade acaricida quando comparados as óleo-resinas, com pequena ou nenhuma diferença entre os resultados dos grupos controle. Este ensaio demonstrou ser uma ferramenta eficiente, confiável, de baixo custo e de fácil realização. As óleo-resinas Copaifera sp. e P. emarginatus possuem atividade acaricida in vitro sobre fêmeas adultas de S. scabiei var. suis.(AU)

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante total de chás comercializados em sachês / Evaluation of the total antioxidant activity of tea commercialized in saches

Os Antioxidantes são substancias que retardam o aparecimento de alterações oxidativas tanto nos seres vivos como nos alimentos. Quimicamente, são compostos aromáticos que contém em sua estrutura, pelo menos, um grupamento hidroxila. Estes podem ser naturais ou sintéticos, sendo o último amplamente utilizado na indústria alimentícia como conservante. O consumo de alimentos ricos em antioxidantes, como chás, vinhos e frutos foi relacionado com a baixa incidência de doenças degenerativas. Assim, objetivou-se neste estudo investigar a atividade antioxidante de chás processados frente ao DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl- hydrazyl). Para tanto, selecionaram- se 05 tipos de chá processados, comercializados no comercio formal da cidade de Teresina, Piauí, Brasil. A determinação da Atividade Antioxidante Total (AAT) se deu a partir dos extratos etanólicos obtidos das amostras com leituras em espectrofotômetro a 517nm. Os resultados revelam uma distribuição da ATT nas amostras variando de 19 a 84%. Observou-se, ainda, que o Boldo do Chile registrou a maior média dentre os demais. De uma forma geral, os chás são uma boa fonte de antioxidantes.(AU)

Antidiabetic and antidiarrhoeal potentials of ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Cynodon dactylon Pers

Objective: To explore the antidiabetic and the antidiarrhoeal effects of ethanolic extracts of Cynodon dactylon Pers. aerial parts (EECA) in Wistar rats. Methods: To assess the antidiabetic activity of EECA, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) model and alloxan induced diabetic test (AIDT) model were performed. The EECA was used at the doses of 2 g/kg, 1 g/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight in OGTT model and 1.5 g/kg was used for AIDT model. Castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model and gastrointestinal motility test with barium sulphate milk model were performed for evaluating the antidiarrhoeal effects at doses of 1 g/kg, 750 mg/kg respectively. Results: The dose 2 g/kg in OGTT and 1.5 g/kg in AIDT model blood glucose levels decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in Wistar rats that showed antidiabetic effect of EECA. After administration of EECA at the dose of 1 g/kg, the extract showed significant (P < 0.05) antidiarrhoeal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model. The results were also significant (P < 0.05) in barium sulphate milk model for the same dose by using above mentioned animals. Conclusions: It is concluded that EECA contains both antidiabetic and the antidiarrhoeal properties.

Assessment of antimicrobial activity in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Banisteriopsis anisandra (A. Juss. ) B. Gates (Malpighiaceae) / Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos etanólicos de Banisteriopsis anisandra (A. Juss. ) B. Gates (Malpighiaceae)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity in vitro of ethanolic extracts of Banisteriopsis anisandra. Tests were performed using the extracts overlay method in the culture medium for phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum, and disk diffusion for the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Ethanolic extracts from leaves were prepared by maceration (extract I) and decoction (extract II) at 430.0, 215.0 and 107.5 mg/mL. The growth inhibition of R. solani and F. oxysporum was determined by calculating the mycelia growth speed rate (MGSR) and, in relation C. albicans and S. aureus, it was determined by measuring the inhibition halos. Extracts that caused significant inhibition were also tested at 86.0, 64.5, 43.0 and 21.5 mg/mL for C. albicans and S. aureus. Both extracts showed inhibitory activity on the microorganisms studied. Rizoctonia solani showed lower MGSR in the presence of extract II (107.5 mg/mL) and Fusarium oxysporum showed slight MGSR reduction in the presence of extract I (107.5 mg/mL) and II (107.5 and 215 mg/mL). Ethanolic extracts I and II inhibited the growth of C. albicans, with the highest rates of inhibition observed in the presence of extract II (215.0 mg/mL). For S. aureus, the highest inhibitory activity was observed in the presence of ethanolic extract II, prepared by decoction at 430.0 mg/mL. Results showed a promising antimicrobial activity of extracts of B. anisandra, which may contribute to further studies leading to a future development of medicines to treat human and plant diseases caused by these organisms.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro de extratos etanólicos de Banisteriopsis anisandra. Os testes foram realizados utilizando o método de sobreposição de extratos em meio de cultura para fungos fitopatogênicos Rhizoctonia solani e Fusarium oxysporum e de difusão em disco para os microrganismos Staphylococcus aureus e Candida albicans. Foram testados de extratos etanólicos de folhas preparados por maceração (extrato I) e decocção (extrato II), nas concentrações de 430,0; 215,0 e 107,5 mg/mL. A inibição do crescimento de R. solani e F. oxysporum foi determinada pelo cálculo do índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial (IVCM) e de C. albicans e S. aureus, por meio da medida da halos de inibição. Os extratos que causaram inibição significativa também foram testados nas concentrações de 86,0; 64,5; 43,0 e 21,5 mg/mL para C. albicans e S. aureus. Ambos os extratos mostraram atividade inibitória sobre os microrganismos estudados. Rizoctonia solani apresentou menor IVCM na presença do extrato II (107,5 mg/mL) e Fusarium oxysporum apresentou discreta redução no IVCM na presença do extrato I (107,5 mg/mL) e II (107,5 e 215 mg/mL). Extratos etanólicos I e II inibiram o crescimento de C. albicans, com as maiores taxas de inibição observadas na presença do extrato II (215,0 mg/mL). Para S. aureus a maior atividade inibitória foi observada na presença do extrato II, na concentração de 430 mg/mL. Os resultados mostraram promissora atividade antimicrobiana de extratos de B. anisandra, o que pode contribuir para estudos futuros visando o desenvolvimento de medicamentos para doenças humanas e de plantas causadas por estes microrganismos.

Antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of garlic, cinnamon and turmeric against escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and bacillus subtilis DSM 3256.

Many of the spices used daily have been documented to be antimicrobial and have medicinal value as well. Most bacteria are sensitive to the extracts from plants such as clove, garlic, mustard, onion, oregano, turmeric etc. spices such as garlic turmeric and cinnamon has been used as antimicrobial agents in their raw form for the treatment of wounds and injuries and joint pains etc. The present study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial activity of garlic, cinnamon and turmeric. Different concentrations of extracts were prepared by using two solvents water and ethanol. The antibacterial activity was tested against Bacillus subtilus (DSM 3256) and E.coli (ATCC 25922) at different concentration of extracts of spices by using disc diffusion method. According to the results among the selected spices garlic had the best inhibitory activity showing maximum zone of 26mm against Bacillus subtilis DSM and a zone of 22mm against E.coli ATCC 25922. The aqueous extracts of garlic were more effective than ethanolic extract. In the case of cinnamon and turmeric, the ethanolic extracts were more effective exhibiting zones of 16mm against B.subtilis DSM 3256 and 17mm against E.coli , which showed that the cinnamon ethanolic extracts are equally effective against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. The widest zones formed by ethanolic extract of turmeric against B.subtilis was measured as 14mm and it was 11mm for E.coli ATCC 25922. The results showed that B.subtilus is more susceptible to test spices as compared to E.coli.

Comparative study on the Antimicrobial activities of the Ethanolic extracts of Lemon grass and Polyalthia Longifolia.

The ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Lemon grass and Polyalthia Longifolia were subjected to antibacterial activity study. The study indicated that the extract of the leaves of Lemon grass was very active against Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus at 25mg/ml but has no activity with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli at the same concentration. The extract of Polyalthia Longifolia leaves was very active against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus at 25mg/ml but has no activity with Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli at the same concentration. The extracts when combined together can act synergistically with one another against Staphylococcus aureus, where one extract can potentiate the activity of another extract against Staphylococcus aureus.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude extracts were determined for the various organisms which ranged between 0.01 and 2.5mg/ml,while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) ranged between 0.02 and 2.5mg/ml.

Antimicrobial activity of caatinga biome ethanolic plant extracts against gram negative and positive bacteria

The search for phytotherapeutic (medicinal plant) treatments has been intensified in recent decades. The abusive use ofantimicrobial drugs, selection of resistant bacteria and inadequate handling conditions are issues that have an impact onveterinary medicine. With this in mind, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extractsof caatinga biome plants against pathogens of veterinary interest. Six ethanolic extracts of plants existing in the Caatingabiome of the Pernambuco semi-arid region were used, namely: Amburana cearensis A.C.Smith, Selaginella convolutaArn.(Spring), Hymenaea courbaril L., Neoglaziovia variegata (Arruda) Mez., Bromelia laciniosa Mart. and Encholirium spectabileMart. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was tested against. gram negative and positive bacteria. The minimumbactericidal concentration (MBC) for each extract was determined. Tests were carried out in triplicate. Antibacterial activities inthe genuses studied were found for the extracts evaluated, with the exception of Proteus spp., Nocardia spp., Staphylococcuscaprae and Streptococcus agalactiae. Amburana cearensis and Neoglaziovia variegata exhibited the lowest MBC values.Considering the low cost of phytotherapy and the activity of the caatinga biome plants, other studies related to the activity invivo and the phytochemical characterization become

Avaliação do potencial fungicida de extratos etanólicos de Senna alata contra Monosparacus cannonballus / Evaluation of the fungicide potential of ethanolic extracts of Senna alata against Monosporascus cannonballus

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar in vitro a atividade dos extratos alcoólicos de Senna alata (L.) Roxb. sobre Monosporascus cannonballus. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 3 x 6 + 1, sendo constituído por três partes da planta (caule, raiz e vagem), por seis concentrações (0,25; 0,50; 50; 75; 250; 500 ppm ) mais a testemunha, com quatro repetições por tratamento. As variáveis avaliadas foram: taxa de crescimento micelial (TCM), inibição do crescimento micelial (ICM) e área abaixo da curva do crescimento micelial (AACCM). A concentração de 500 ppm foi a mais eficiente, nas três partes vegetais avaliadas. O porcentual de inibição na referida concentração foi de 28,60 por cento, 36,70 por cento e 27,99 por cento para caule, raiz e vagem respectivamente. Diante dos resultados, observa-se que os extratos de S. alata indicam um forte potencial de controle para o fungo Monosporascus cannonballus.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the activity in vitro of the ethanolic extracts of Senna alata (L.) Roxb. over Monosporascus cannonballus. The experimental design was entirely randomized with factorial scheme 3 x 7 + 1, being constituted by three parts of the plant (root, stalk and green bean) for six different concentrations (0.25; 0.50, 50, 75, 250,500 ppm) plus the control, with four repeatitons for treatment. The available variables were: rate of micelial growth (TCM), inhibition of the growth micelial (ICM) and area under the curve of the growth micelial (AACCM). The concentration of 500 ppm was the most efficient ,in the three available vegetal parts. The percentual of inhibition in the concentration was of 28.60 percent, 36.70 percent e 27.99 percent for stalk, root and green bean respectively. Before of the results, the extracts of S. alata display high control potential for Monosporascus cannonballus fungi.